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An allergy is the body’s adverse reaction to a specific food, substance or environmental trigger. While many substances are harmless to most people, they can cause significant reactions in individuals who are allergic.
A substance that causes an allergic reaction is known as an allergen. Common allergens include:
These substances may have no impact on most people but can trigger reactions ranging from mild irritation to severe medical emergencies in others.
Allergic reactions occur when the immune system mistakenly identifies an otherwise harmless substance as dangerous.
When this happens, the body creates antibodies to fight the perceived threat. Upon future contact with the allergen, the immune system responds quickly by releasing chemicals such as histamine, which causes allergy symptoms.
Symptoms can vary depending on how the allergen enters the body.
Common symptoms include:
For example, inhaled allergens such as pollen often affect breathing, while skin contact with certain substances may result in irritation or rashes.
Some well-known allergic conditions include:
Although many allergic reactions are mild, some can rapidly become severe and develop into anaphylaxis.
Anaphylaxis is a severe and life-threatening allergic reaction that affects the whole body, particularly the respiratory and circulatory systems.
Allergens can enter the body in several ways, including:
Recognising the signs of anaphylaxis quickly can help save a life.
Symptoms may include:
Anaphylaxis must always be treated as a medical emergency.
Not all reactions to foods or substances are true allergies.
A sensitivity is an exaggerated reaction to a substance that would not normally cause symptoms.
For example, some people are highly sensitive to caffeine and may experience shaking, palpitations or discomfort even after small amounts.
An intolerance does not involve the immune system.
Instead, it occurs when the body struggles to process certain foods or ingredients, such as lactose or gluten.
Symptoms may include:
Some individuals may tolerate small amounts, while others experience symptoms lasting several days.
Unlike intolerances, even tiny amounts of an allergen can trigger a serious allergic reaction.
Severe allergic reactions require immediate treatment.
Adrenaline auto-injectors, sometimes called emergency allergy pens, are used to provide a measured dose of adrenaline into the muscle.
This medication helps reduce the severity of the reaction and may be life-saving while waiting for emergency medical help.
If you suspect someone is experiencing anaphylaxis:
Adrenaline auto-injectors are prescribed by a doctor and are not available over the counter.
Many people are advised to carry two devices, as a second dose may be required if symptoms do not improve after 5 to 15 minutes.
Auto-injectors are designed for single use only.
Common brands include EpiPen and Jext. While designs vary, both are intended to deliver adrenaline quickly into the outer thigh.
Instructions are printed directly on the devices and users should familiarise themselves with their prescribed injector.
Once adrenaline has been administered:
This helps emergency responders understand what treatment has already been given and ensures safe disposal of the device.